How To Look / How To Think
“Seeing comes before words. The child looks and recognises before it can speak.”

John Berger, “Ways of Seeing”

How do we approach the task of understanding art and design, either historical or contemporary? All images communicate on a variety of levels. There are factual, historical and cultural elements and the social/political contexts are all-important to the way in which we “read” a piece of art or design. As the title of this unit of learning suggests, looking and thinking, in this context, requires a specifically analytical method, in other words, a critical approach. However the terms critic and critical can be somewhat ambiguous as the following definitions suggest;


As you can see from the above definitions, the term “critical” has two distinct meanings; i) positive, analytical and thoughtful, ii) negative, fault-finding and largely destructive. Clearly the first set of definitions are those which will lead to constructive and informed criticism, a positive and creative process which can give the critic a greater understanding of his/her own life and times.
“The best criticism is interactive, being a dialogue between the works and the human intelligence. A good critic, according to Anatole France, is one who tells his mind’s adventures among the masterpieces,”

P. Duro & M. Greenhalgh, “Essential Art History”

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© 2003 Catriona Tempest & Iulia Clow